PROLONGED INGESTION OF CRUDE OIL SPILL CONTAMINATED WATER AFFECTS MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND HORMONAL LEVELS IN PIGS
Keywords:
Crude oil spill contaminated water, Endocrine disruptors, Male reproductive system, Reproductive hormones, PigsAbstract
Crude oil spill in the Niger delta region of Nigeria has been on the rise leading to pollution of major water sources used for drinking, bathing and other domestic purposes. Studies from our laboratory have shown that crude oil spill contaminated water affects male reproductive system of rodents however; no studies have been carried out to determine its effects on higher animals. This study evaluated the effects of crude oil spill contaminated water on male reproductive system, hormones and accessory organs in pigs. Twelve (12) male pigs at four-month old weighing approximately 10 kg were randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C) of 4 pigs each. Group A was the control while groups B and C were the test groups. Group A received distilled water ad labitum and standard pig feed while groups B and C received crude oil spill contaminated water ad labitum and also processed with their feeds, for 6 weeks and 12 weeks respectively. After 6 and 12 weeks, the pigs were sacrificed and relative organ weights were evaluated. Sera obtained from the pigs were assayed for gonadotropic hormones (Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)), and sex-steroid hormones (Testosterone and Estradiol) using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles of the pigs were also processed for haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. The percentage body weight change was significantly reduced in the test groups when compared to control. The relative organ body weight ratios of the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were significantly reduced in the test groups when compared to those of the control. Serum hormonal levels of FSH and LH of the test groups were significantly elevated in the test groups while the serum testosterone and estradiol levels of the test groups were significantly decreased, when compared to the control group. There were degenerative changes in the cellular architecture of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles of the test groups compared to the control. Prolonged ingestion of crude oil spill contaminated water severely affected male reproductive system and significantly reduced reproductive hormonal levels. Its prolonged consumption by humans as presently seen in the crude oil producing Niger delta region may lead to male infertility
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