The use of biomass resources in many Nigerian households has become indispensable owing to low electricity access, high cost of clean energy and inadequate power supply that has become endemic over the years. The study assessed the use of charcoal and fuelwood in the south-East and South-South zone of Nigeria using few semi-urban areas and some rural villages in Enugu state as a benchmark. It investigated the factors expected to influence a household’s choice of using fuelwood and charcoal and also identified the health hazards and inconveniences associated with using fuelwood in the study areas. The common factors propelling the use of charcoal and firewood in the study areas were identified as large household size, farming occupation, being married, procurement of firewood from forests, low average monthly expenditure on fuelwood and charcoal, household average monthly income level of N70,000 and below, among others. Inconveniences and health hazards associated with the use of charcoal were identified as eye problems, long trek to obtain fuelwood, respiratory problems, among others. It is essential to curtail the felling and harvesting of trees for fuelwood and charcoal production to reduce their destructive effects on the environment and health of users. The government should make clean energy affordable and boost efforts that will scale up the socio-economic status of households. These efforts will present scenarios that prevent health hazards associated with the use of wood fuel. Avoiding these health hazards involves using clean fuels like LPG or upgrading to cook stoves that burn biomass efficiently and more cleanly.